Consumer Disputes · July 2026
How to File a Consumer Complaint in India
Bought a product that turned out to be defective, or paid for a service that was never delivered properly? The Consumer Protection Act, 2019 gives you a faster, less formal forum than the ordinary civil courts. This guide explains where to file, the claim-value limits, what documents you need and how long it takes. It is a general explainer, not advice on any particular case.
What counts as a consumer complaint
A complaint can be filed for defective goods, deficiency in a service, unfair or restrictive trade practices, overcharging, or goods and services that are hazardous. Common examples include a manufacturing defect, non-delivery, a delayed possession of a flat, or a poor service from a bank, insurer, hospital or airline.
Which commission handles your claim
Jurisdiction depends on the value of the goods or services paid for (the consideration), under the Consumer Protection Act, 2019:
- District Commission — claims up to ₹50 lakh.
- State Commission — claims from ₹50 lakh up to ₹2 crore.
- National Commission — claims above ₹2 crore.
You may file where you reside or work, or where the opposite party carries on business — whichever is more convenient for you.
The time limit
A consumer complaint must generally be filed within two years from the date the cause of action arose — for example, the date of purchase or the date the deficiency became known. A commission can condone a delay if you show sufficient reason, but relying on that is risky. It is best to act well within the two-year window.
Documents you will usually need
- The invoice, bill or receipt showing the purchase and its value.
- The warranty or guarantee card, if any.
- Correspondence with the seller or service provider (emails, messages, complaints).
- Evidence of the defect or deficiency — photographs, reports, or a service record.
- A copy of any earlier notice sent to the opposite party.
The process, step by step
- Notice (advisable): a written notice to the seller or service provider often prompts a resolution and strengthens your record.
- Filing: the complaint, with supporting documents and the prescribed fee, is filed before the appropriate commission. Complaints can also be filed online through the government's e-Daakhil portal.
- Admission and notice: the commission admits the complaint and issues notice to the opposite party to respond.
- Evidence and hearing: both sides file evidence and are heard. The procedure is less formal than a civil trial.
- Order: the commission may order a refund, replacement, repair or compensation. An order can be appealed to the next-higher commission.
What you can claim
Depending on the facts, relief can include a refund, replacement or repair of the goods, compensation for loss or injury caused by the deficiency, and the costs of the proceedings. In cases involving unfair trade practices or gross negligence, punitive damages may also be awarded.
The practical takeaway
Consumer forums are designed so that individuals can approach them without a lawyer. That said, a well-drafted complaint with the right evidence makes a real difference — especially against a well-represented business. If you are unsure which commission applies or how to frame your claim, take advice early. You can read more about how we act in these matters on our consumer disputes page.
This article is for general information only and does not constitute legal advice. For advice on a specific situation, please get in touch.